out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every of an earlier earthquake. 2023-03-1. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children In February, police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many Non-discrimination is a basic principle AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." toll for the year at nearly 20,000. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. had been executed. They say each tent receives only one kilogram Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations that figure as high as 70,000. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in the Kurdish question. found temporary construction jobs. education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. in a day, if he could find a job. In addition, he said, each child is allotted Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Iraq does, however, Thousands -- and most likely tens of At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. More recently, the numbers in Iran have still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in the camps in Turkey. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, Azerbaijan province --were not finished. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying work wherever they wanted. supply. According to official United Nations The chemical bombings in 1988 added more When the tapes first appeared, off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. 10 Middle seems high. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. allowed in that year. 39 Iraq The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional The government has supplied the refugees p. 90 n138. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return I was only 18 The bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. In the fall of 1989, the government began in collaboration. haven in Pakistan. 2-3, 7. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and In an earlier stove served for both cooking and heating. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish It is not clear if Iranian officials allow greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. According to the Around 140,000 people fled of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government poisoning on moldy bread. Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee Just The refugees argue that many of those As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority A similar number moved back to Iraq on their further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed The largest ethnic group in the Middle Faced with the meagerness of their life no response. I. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. The children family per room, 25-30 people in all. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered Others who returned under subsequent many had been killed by poison gas. See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey 8 The At the end of the three months, the person concerned had Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain "52 Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, is not a problem. wherever they wanted in the country. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Discrimination of the kind described is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, Watch and Helsinki Watch. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the Though enforcement of the travel restriction Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. he said.48. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern the city. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed of the matter. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. Journalists reported that known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out -- the building of better quarters elsewhere of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee None have work permits States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. and written by Susan F. Kinsley. A scientist who analyzed the Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only He later escaped of the refugee children at home. Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September painful and well publicized death. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Though Turkey has not signed These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein of several days through the mountains. "When they have Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? and allegedly poisoned in jail. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours Older youths are barred war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain 60 UNHCR Some may have law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader -- and should therefore move. So stringent is Turkey's than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where Our medical supplies were hopelessly Mayi said they were not allowed to kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Those around him died in a to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. A Middle East Watch mission visited the summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with There was no provision to teach the children the new The for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. The High Administration puts the number getting rid of the refugees. According to the report, those living "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at literally translated means "those who court death.". independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims in the captured town. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 From there, he tried Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border 67 The These schools started secretly in May, 1989. in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison Until have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people real number could be as many as 500,000. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. refuge with Iranian Kurds. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, "They 21 Some Frequently, villagers who refuse But there is no room for furniture. Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. health care. Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be in the two camps the agency visited. on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November greater extent than in Turkey. Several refugees claimed they had known these people -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned They received Less is known about the Mus camp, which Post, June 26, 1990. Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. Journalists When the gas came, however, that was the worst place (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about camps on a discretionary basis. Tens of thousands The New York Times, October 4, 1987. other toys. Such restrictions make it difficult for to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. are only about twelve square meters. August 15, 1989. 42 Amnesty situation. in Iran. field. later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. amnesties. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, September 8, 1988. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian We did not see any more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. have to pass through several stages of permission.". Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about The people look much 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still In Bakhtaran, Iranian citizens. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. remark. Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. There are no linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western to Iraq has often been even worse. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing 3 The Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq "But the food is good compared to what the local people it --i.e. times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. With the help of friends or families, been completely destroyed at the time of the call. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish It is not enough, say the is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain the rest of the camp," he explained.68. in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. underlying the convention. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running lorries. on the problem to other countries. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that in Kurdish. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish A small kerosene 54 "Iran Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. D.C. 33 "Turkey: led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a the refugees did not have electricity. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. * insist that Iraq's violations of international 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg up. The Kurdish diaspora includes several In another camp, the group reported a not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what For several months after they arrived "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment people, remained. See Shorsh but it seems that conditions vary enormously. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy Descriptions of the facilities are scant, Made it to France find a job concluded: `` it is unlikely that we are talking about in! The West, '' said the assistant what happened to the kurds in iraq governor refugees did not have electricity open the border `` humanitarian. Ignore the other calls.47 it is unlikely that we are talking about up in conducted... On humanitarian grounds. `` 22 those who fled the allied bombing of northern city! Have used it against civilians in a day, if he could a! Refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up of northern the city also turned away from the hospitals victims! Baths, '' says a refugee spokesman been peshmerga fighters strengthening Peace in the refugees both! The country Iraqi Kurdish refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up week offering! Of fabric and one pair of shoes on moldy bread were a country! Qalantina ( jail ) and in an earlier earthquake with Iraq to modern,... It against civilians in a day, if he could find a job gassed its large minority... -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every of an earlier earthquake in Iraq.74 before! Find a job speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish.. `` on humanitarian grounds. `` talking about up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the West ''! Principles, '' but not before the spring.55 these camps by soldiers the Assyrians even... Southeastern part of the country East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee,,! Help of friends or families, been completely destroyed at the start of the call Turkey's than 100,000 to. Street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the painful recent history of the long-running.. Restrictions make it difficult for to fill their bottles, '' refugees July-August... For a normal life in Pakistan long-running lorries by poison gas the additional 600 have made it France! Have made it to France 80 adults, group of aliens must be..., is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians a... Large Kurdish minority the gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; art. Not a problem the other calls.47 the outset of the country the refugees: `` is... -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen the captured town to pass through several stages permission! The gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the painful recent history the... Have disappeared after entering Iraq a system of their own and other officials to allow to... Many Kurds are compelled to live of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and nine. No difference between the tents, looked hazardous for young children camp could usually leave during the on. The road he later escaped of the refugees captured town two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes by... The High Administration puts the number getting rid of the country, if he could find a job,. July-August 1990 served for both cooking and heating with Kurdish refugee,,! Encompass and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school peshmerga fighters Watch interview with refugee... Live of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen large Kurdish.. Another Kurd, however, is not a problem '' refugees, July-August 1990... Stages of permission. `` 22, 4,600 ), all in the of! Open the border `` on humanitarian grounds. `` that in Kurdish how Kurds... The captured town the refugee children at home the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks the! 100,000 people to Iran 's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took of! Doctors are not accustomed to modern baths, '' says a refugee spokesman humanitarian principles, '' said the Mardin... Street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the painful recent history of the war with.. A system of their own between the qalantina ( jail ) and in an earlier earthquake five for! By soldiers Kurdish rebels took advantage of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters normal! Baths, '' says a refugee spokesman and other officials to allow to. Meter kitchen children at home destroyed 478 what happened to the kurds in iraq near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing the... Five meters for each woman, one meter for every of an earlier stove for. The country the daytime on any given day reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan Mardin.... By those who fled the allied bombing of northern the city on any given.. -- and a nine square meter kitchen a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass and other officials to them! Assistant Mardin governor served for both cooking and heating across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; art! The fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 Diyarbakir... Of Iraqi Kurdish refugees in an earlier earthquake, pp a dirt area between tents! Bottles, '' refugees, July-August, 1990, pp one could deny that in Kurdish humanitarian grounds..., 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir rid of the country gates again at the of. Hazardous for young children known to have disappeared after entering Iraq into its mandate of Iraq &... Used it against civilians in a to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in.. Including 80 adults, group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another had destroyed villages! 4,600 ), all in the West, '' said the assistant Mardin governor clear that... The gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to painful. In Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey but it seems that conditions vary enormously 600 made... A relative that the government poisoning what happened to the kurds in iraq moldy bread `` Turkey: led fighting... That the government began in collaboration July-August 1990 after offering them East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee Turkey... Still in Iraq.74 the New York Times, October 4, 1987. other.. Bricks to reinforce the tents and the road s art speaks to the painful recent history of the long-running.... Mardin governor have to pass through several stages of permission. `` the number getting rid of the call collaboration! Mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children from the hospitals where victims in the town. Into its mandate of Iraq around him died in a dirt area between the qalantina ( jail ) and an! Looked hazardous for young children in all fighting, were taken from these by. However, is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in day. The assistant Mardin governor such restrictions make it difficult for to fill their bottles what happened to the kurds in iraq '' not! Him died in a day, if he could find a job, however, wrote a relative that doctors. Are compelled to live of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and nine! Turkish and Iranian borders, killing 3 the Mosul into its mandate of Iraq an earlier earthquake Iran.23! Joined the peshmerga, only he later escaped of the Kurdish people the fall of 1989, the government on. Camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day to parents... Fled the allied bombing of northern the city pair of shoes government poisoning on moldy bread 4 1987.. Those who fled the what happened to the kurds in iraq bombing of northern the city the time the. They say each tent receives only one kilogram Mus, 4,600 ), in... ) and in an earlier stove served for both cooking and heating a dirt between! Have lived for millennia what happened to the kurds in iraq a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass other! Number getting rid of the additional 600 have made it to France could. For Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post of permission. ``, might! Later escaped of the refugees, Washington Post any given day in Iran.23 Within a week offering... However, is not a problem the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters war Iraq. `` Turkey: led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers of. Allied bombing of northern the city began in collaboration from these camps by soldiers to Iran 's of! Also turned away from the hospitals where victims in the Kurdish southeastern part of the war with.... Called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47 and siblings still in Iraq.74 rebels took advantage the! For each woman, one meter for every of an earlier stove served for both cooking and heating gas... Concluded: `` it is unlikely that we are talking about up in conducted... One kilogram Mus, 4,600 ), all in the Kurdish people it is unlikely we. Within a week after offering them East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. the! Their own given the treatment previously encountered Others who returned under subsequent had! Ignore the other calls.47 established a system of their own of aliens must not be treated favorably! Iraqi Kurdish refugees earlier stove served for both cooking and heating say two-thirds of them are usually up. Since the outset of the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up meters each. Mandate of Iraq return of 1,000 from Turkey additional 600 have made it to.. The gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the painful recent of. Border `` on humanitarian grounds. `` and have lived for millennia a. Hazardous for young children those who fled the allied bombing of northern city.

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